Observation Of A Local Outdoor Park - 938 Words

Observation of Setting: The setting of my observation 2 took place in a local outdoor park. It was a new park that opened maybe a few months ago down the street from my house, and you could easily tell that it was catered towards the younger age group due to the safety mechanisms and the big, bright, and colorful designs. I chose to observe the same child as I did last time, 3 year old Emmanuel. The observation took place around the same time as observation 1, which is basically after his mother got off work and picked him up for school. However, instead of observing little Emmanuel alone by himself, I was able to observe him play in a group setting. Ironically, at the park there were about three other children his age playing, a 1 year old who looked liked he was just learning to walk and struggling, an older child who looked as if she was about 6 or 7 years old, and then the parents surrounding the edge of the park. It was interesting to watch Emmanuel so cooperatively go with his mom, walk out the door, and pretty much just follow the rules of what she wanted. He could obviously tell from her actions that they were about to leave the house to go somewhere. It was as if he didn’t really care; all he knew is that if mom goes then I have to go and I have learned that’s the way it is. At that moment he knew she was in control. So I would say his attitude was very nonchalant. Then as we walked down the street with me talking to his mom and her holding his hand, somethingShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Therapeutic Recreation for Adolescents1286 Words   |  5 Pages(2013). Dog Parks: Benefits, Conflicts, and Suggestions. Journal Of Park Recreation Administration, 31(4), 79-91 The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to dog park development and the benefits they provide for the community. 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Traffic Jam in Dhaka City Free Essays

EXAMINATION OF PROFITABILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF BANGLADESH BANKING INDUSTRY Nadim Jahangir’, Shubhankar Shill2 and Md. Amlan Jahid Haque3 Abstract Loans are the riskiest asset of a bank, but these loans play a pivotal role in banks’ profitability. Banks ‘profitability depends on the results of some parameters and among them Bank b Return on Equity, Market Size, Market Concentration Index, and Bank RiskMeasure are widely used and the same are investigated in the Bangladesh Banking Industry in this study for a period of the last six years. We will write a custom essay sample on Traffic Jam in Dhaka City or any similar topic only for you Order Now The data comes from the annual reports of individual banks listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and from the Bangladesh bankb published statistics book (Scheduled Banks Statistics). Correlation matrix and stepwise regression have been used for the purpose of data analysis. The analysisfinds that market concentration and bank b risk do little to explain bank b return on equity, whereas bankb market size is the only variable providing an explanation for banks return on equity in the context of Bangladesh. Introduction The tmhtional measure ofprofitabilitythrough stockholder’s equity is quite different in banking industry ffom any other sector ofbusiness, where loan-to-deposit ratio works as a very good ndicator ofbanks’ profitabiJity as it depicts the status of asset-liabilitymanagement ofbanks. But banks’ risk is not only associated with this asset- liability management but also related to growth opportunity. Smooth growth insures higher future returns to holders and there lies the profitability which means not only current profits but future returns as well. So, market size and market concentration index along with return to equity and loan-to-deposit ratio seize the attention of analyzing the banks’ profitability. The banking industry of Bangladesh is a mixed one comprising nationalized, private and foreign ommercial banks. Many efforts have been made to explain the performance of these banks. Understanding the performance ofbanks requires knowledge about the profitability and the relationshps between variables like market size, bank’s risk and bank’s market size with profitability. Indeed, the performance evaluation of commercial banks is especially important today because of the fierce competition. The banking (1) Dr. Nadim Jahangir (Associate Professor) holds a Ph. D. in Management from Australian Catholic University and now is teachmg in the Independent University of Bangladesh. (2) Shubhankar Shill (Lecturer) holds Master degree in Finance from Dhaka University (Bangladesh) and now is teaching in the School of Business, Independent University of Bangladesh. (3) Md. Arnlan Jahid Haque (Lecturer) holds a Master degree in Management from Rajshahi University (Bangladesh) and now is teaching in the School of Business, Independent University of Bangladesh. 36 ABAC Journal Vol. 27, No. 2 (May – August, 2007, pp. 36 – 46) Examination of PI .ofitability in the Context ofBangladesh Banking Indusqr industry is experiencing major transition for the last two decades. It is becoming imperative for banks to endure the pressure arising from oth internal and external factors and prove to be profitable. Until early 1985, Bangladesh had a highlyrepressed financial sector (Chowhdury, 2002). Banks and other financial institutions were fully owned by the government. In the early part of 1980, Bangladesh entered into the IMF and World Bank adjustment programs and the process of privatization and liberalization gained momentum under the influence ofthe World Bank and the IMF. Sinc e then the banking industry of Bangladesh has become an attractive ground for both domestic and foreign investors to take part in the game. It is of utmost importance that these layers prove themselves profitable. Andrews (1975) noted that it is essential to understand the strategies to achieve greater profitability. In line with this, the current study makes an effort to unearth those pillars which are major constituents of strategies and goals. This paper intends to analyze the importance of internal and external factors for banks return on equity. Specifically, the purpose of the study is to closely examine the relationships of bank’s market concentration, market size, and bank’s risk with return on equity. The intention is to decide which amongst the potential determinants appear to be mportant. Hassan, Khan, and Haque, (1 995) previously examined banks’ profitability considering monetary affect and concentration in context of Bangladesh. However Fraser, Phi lips, and Rose (1974) stated that performance of commercial banks should not be measured by a single proxy but by a set of variables which are jointly determined by market structure, demand, and other factors. Therefore, the current study aims to propose and examine a framework incorporating bank’s market concentration, bank’s market size, bank’s risk, and identify the relationships of these variables with bank’s return on equity in context f Bangladesh. Literature Review Market Size Cravens (2000) elaborated that, market size is usually measured by currency, sales andlor unit sales for any product market and also in specified time period other size measurement include the number of buyers’ average purchase quantity, frequency of purchase for any product oriented market. As a result the key measures of market size are market potential, sales forecast, and market share. In another study on banking reformation Thorsten and Ross (2002) measured the ma rket size ofbanks against the GDP and to measure bank size, Thorsten and Ross (2002) used bank credit to he private sector as a share of GDP. Demirguc-Kunt and Maksimovic (2002) suggested that the extent to whichvarious financial, legal, and other factors (e. g. corruption) affect bank profitability is closely linked to size. In addition, as Short (1 979) argued, size is closely related to the capital adequacy of a bank since relatively banks tend to raise less expensive capital and, hence, appear more profitable. Luthria and Dhar (2005) defined market size as the scale of economic activity over which agents can contact. They tried to measure market size or space by national borders. Large space creates the potential or reaping economies of scale and the scope for specialization as well. It requires specific investments in physical and human capital, as well as marketing channels, constrained by slow- moving economic activity. Market Concentration The concentration aspect is particu larly important for the transition economies and it has been very commonly used as the measurement of Nadim Jrrhangir. Shubhankar ShiN and 1Mn. Amlan Jahid Haque profitability ofbanlung industry. Atbanasoglou, Brissims, and Delis (2005) argue that banking systems are highly concentrated, with little separation between central and commercial banking ctivities in order to facilitate the banks’ role in the planning process. Ahighly concentrated banking sector results in market power for the banks. As opposed to perfect competition, banks having monopoly power would lead to an equilibrium characterized by higher loan costs and a smaller quantity of loanable hnds (Cetorelli Gambera, 2001). According to Alzaidanin (2003) when a large share of the business of a given industry is controlled by few large firms or concentrated in a few pockets the situation is usually termed as a slate ofconcentration. However, Deidda and Fattouh (2002) showed theoretically as well as mpirically that the relationship between banking concentration and return on equity depended on the level of economic development. More specifically, banking concentration had an adverse impact on return on equity only in low income countries. For high income countries, there was no significant effect between the two variables. Additionally, Beck, Maksimovic, and Vojislav (2003) found that this effect is especially strong if a state has a weak legal system, high level ofcorruption and a low level ofeconomic and financial development. Since these factors are true for at least some of the economies under consideration, ne would expect low banking concentration to foster return on equity. Bank Risk According to Allen (1 997), banks tend to focus on areas where they believe they have a comparative advantage to maximize efficiency in making loans. This approach makes banks give attention to geographic, industry specific demographics, and other market characteristics to operate. Calomiris and Karceski (1 998) noted that diversification and different levels ofriskyness is the result ofdifferences across banks in the scale oftheir operations. As economic conditions vary across different regions and industrial sectors, therefore ank riskyness and return on equity also vary across different regions. Gerlach, Peng, and Shu (2004) took a different approach in defining Banks’ risk. Poor management qualities in inefficient institutions have a tendency to cany higher risk (credit risk, operating risk, liquidity). The credit risk on any individual loan can be broken down into two components, the probability that the borrower will default, and the losses incurred in the event ofdefault. In an earlier study on asset quality of commercial banks Stafon (2000) found that bank return on equity driven mainly by changes in Net Interest Margins NIMs) and loan provision which in turn were determined by asset quality. However, Greusning and Bratanovic (2003) revealed that return on equity is a revealing indicator of a bank’s competitive position in banking markets and of the quality of its management. The authors further elaborated that the income statement ofa bank is a key source of information on a bank’s return on equity, reveals the sources ofa bank’s earning and their quantity and quality as well as the quality of the bank’s loan portfolio and the focus of its expenditures. Relationship between market concentration and banks ‘return on ecjuitv The mpirical findings on the relationship between market concentration and return on equity are as diverse as the theoretical underpinnings. Parsley and Wei (1 985) found that young firrns in concentrated markets receive more credits than in competitive markets, with no difference for older firms, which results in a positive effect on return on equity. In contrast, Examination of Profitability in the Context of Bangladesh Banking Indust, Cetorelli and Gambera (2001) concluded that banking conc entration leads to an overall depressing effect on return on equity. The authors suggest that increased competition (thus less oncentration) causes a rise in entrepreneurship and thus a higher rate of new firm creation. Very convincing is the recent work of Deidda and Fattouh (2002) showing theoretically as well as empirically that the relationship between banking concentration and return on equity depends on the level of economic development. More specifically, banking concentration has an adverse impact on ROE only in low income countries. For hlgh income countries, there is no significant effect between the two variables. Therefore, the following hypothesis can be proposed: Hypotheis1 : There is a significant relationship between Bank’s arket concentration and Bank’s return on equity of commercial banks in Bangladesh. Relationship between market size and banks’ return on equity Shepherd (1972) mentioned a positive relation between the market size and return o n equity. Such a nature ofrelationship continues to receive a great deal of attention. Seedier and Gee (1 96 1) suggested that the variability ofthe growth rate ofbank assets declines with the market size. Demerguq- Kunt and Huizinga (2001) noted that growth ofmarket size, in contrast, is positively and significantly related to profit growth. Again by following the same path of Smirlock (1 985), Alzaidanin (2003) mentioned a positive and significant relationship between banks’ size and banks’ return on equity based on product differentiations. Therefore, the following hypothesis can be proposed: Hypothesis 2: There is a significant relationship between Bank’s market size and Bank’s retum on equity of commercial banks in Bangladesh. Relationship between banks’ risk and banks’ return on equity Gizycki (2001) stated that even though return on equity is influenced by bank’s credit risk, the relationship between the two is not straightforward. Movements in the retum on assets will reflect not just credit risk, ut the full range of risks, including bank’s exposures to movements in interest rates and exchange rates, liquidity risk and operational risks. Moreover, banks return on equity reflects not just risk-taking, but also other factors such as the mix ofon and offbalance sheet business, operating efficiency, the level of co mpetition within the banking market, and regulatory constraints. Banks earn higher returns by taking on riskier business, this will boost the return on equity. However, if a bank experiences losses beyond what it had provisioned for, such losses will reduce return on equity. Bourke (1 989) reports hat the effect of credit risk on retum on equity appears clearlynegative. This result may be explained by taking into account the fact that the more financial institutions are exposed to high- risk loans, the higher is the accumulation ofunpaid loans, implying that these loan losses have produced lower returns to many commercial banks. Therefore, the following hypothesis can be proposed: Hypothesis 3: There is a significant relationship between Bank’s risk and Bank’s return on equity of commercial banks in Bangladesh. Conceptual framework It is proposed that bank’s market concentration, bank’s market size, and ank’s risk are important in the context ofthe ir relationships with bank’s return on equity. Based on the preceding literature review, the following framework was proposed. Nadim Jahangir, Shubhankar Shill and Md. Amlan Jahid Haque The conceptual Mework (figure 1) depicts sample size is trimmed down to 15 because of the measured variables and their relationships in inaccessibility of data. To run the analysis data the present study. fiom the year 2000 to 2005 data were used. Measures Methodology Research setting To calculate profitability of selected banks, the following ratios were used: Only the listed banks n the Dhaka Stock . Bank’s return on equity (ROE) = Exchange were selected for this study. The Net Income / Total Equity researchers collected secondary data from the annual reports of these banks. Market size= Individual bank’s deposit / Total banks’ deposit Srrr~lpliilg nlethod Market Concentration index = Market size Currently the Dhaka Stock Exchange has 23 listed banks. Therefore, the rese archers have . Bank Risk Measure = selected 23 banks in Bangladesh. However, the Bank’s total loan / total deposit Bd’s Market Concentration Bank’s Market Size. B’d’s Risk Bank’s Return on Equity Figre1 : Conceptr~l Framework of proposed variables and their relationshps. Examination of Profitability in the Context of Bangladesh Banking Industry The relevant reasons and credentials behind the above measures ofprofitability ofbanks are as follows: According to Al-Shamrnari M. and Salirni A. (1 998) profitability ratio especially ROE signals the earning capability of the organization. They also suggest that higher return on equity (ROE) ratio is appreciable as it is the primary indicator ofbank’s profitability and functional efficiency. Besides that the authors pointed out that higher liquidityratio pulls strength of peration up. Thus, fiom their view it can be stated that bank risk can be offset through lower loan-to-deposit ratio. For bank, the capital sufficiency is important to fiu-ther growth as well as profitability. Conversely, more loans derive higher credit risk, higher rate of nonperforming loans, and lower return on asset as well as equity. They provided a data envelopment analysi s (DEA) model to explore the financial position ofcommercial banks in Jordan. Therefore, ROE is used here to measure the profitabilitywhich is the most sought after measure among all. Philippatos andYildlrim (2007) recommended that the arket attractiveness and profitability has a positive relationship in the context of monopolistic banking business. Force of lending can pull up through increase efficiency of own capital and competency. However, earlier in 1977, Heggestad explained that if the individual bank has higher market share it is sure to enjoy monopoly which helps the bank to extend market concentration and reduce risk. The ultimate result is the increase ofreturn on equity (ROE). He also said that risk is a fimdamental factor in pulling up profit. But, market size diverts risk hm business and confirms smooth growth and secured ROE. How to cite Traffic Jam in Dhaka City, Papers

Competituive Forces free essay sample

Michael Porter identified 5 forces analysis of which he defined as a framework for industry analysis and business strategy that draws up industrial organization economics to derive the 5 forces. These five forces determine the intrinsic long run attractiveness and strength of a market segment: industry competitors potential entrants, substitutes, buyers and supplies. Three of Porters five forces refer to competition from external sources. The remainders are internal threats. Porter referred to these forces as the micro environment, to contrast it with the more general term macro environment. They consist of those forces close to a company that affect its ability to serve its customers and make a profit. A change in any of the forces normally requires a business unit to re-assess the marketplace given the overall change in industry information. The overall industry attractiveness does not imply that every firm in the industry will return the same profitability. Firms are able to apply their core competencies, business model or network to achieve a profit above the industry average and the writer is going to look at the impacts these forces have on the Zimbabwean Tourism Industry. The diagram below is an overview of Porters five forces Adaped from Phillpe Kolter (2010) Threat of intense segment rivalry A segment is unattractive if it contains numerous, strong and aggressive competitors as according to Phillipe Kotler. As in the diagram above all the 4 forces mentioned in the digramram contribute to the intensity of rivalry within the industry. For example, Rainbow hotel in Bulawayo faces stiff competition from its rivals like Cresta Churchill, Nesbit Castle, holiday Inn and the nearby Hotel St. Patrick’s. The existence of these rivals in respect to their exceptional environment like in the case of Hotel St. Patrick’s is a live threat to rainbow hotel which is located in the CBD and in a less quiet environment as compared to St. Patrick’s. Rainbow offers services like which are offered at Hotel St. Patrick’s for example wedding planning and function management. Looking at these two hotels they offer the service differently and this makes it a threat to each and every firm in the industry. A segment is even more unattractive if it is stable or declining and fixed costs in need to be increased or exit barriers are high or its competitors have high stakes in staying in the segment. For example in African Sun limited, one of its Strategic business unit Hwange Safari lodge, had not been pumping in profits from 2008-2010. The corporate was keeping this unit for strategic reasons, thus business was going to boast on the 2010 world cup and gain its competitive advantage and recap on its position in the market. The reason why it did not exit the market is the potential that it possessed as far as the dog factor in the BCG matrix is concerned. These conditions will lead to frequent price wars as some rivals may restructure their marketing strategy to price penetration into the existing market, advertising battles and new product introduction and will make it expensive to compete. In the case of INSCCOR, expensive renovations were done to catch the customers and position its self in within the market. Hotels and lodges in Gweru like Village Lodge are advertising through billboards to attract customer attention and fight the competition. On price wars, analysis Zimbabwe’s hospitality industry concentrating on Bulawayo locality, food outlets like Chicken Inn, their chicken is less expensive, for example ‘1 piercer’, 2piecer combos’ unlike hotel food which is generally expensive, for example Holiday inn half chicken costs US$22 comparing to Mamoyo restaurant billing it at $11, half the price for Holiday inn. The price at Mamoyos attracts customers’ from different levels of affluence. In an effort to eliminate intense segment rivalry food outlets, lodges and hotels invested in setting up billboards like chicken inn, village lodge and Crestar Churchill. This positions these companies in a better competitive advantage unlike hotels like Nesbit Castle, Rainbow hotel and other small outlets which are thriving to be identified in the market and more so for establishments like INNSCOR and village lodge makes their distribution channels accessible to their target market. For small outlets to introduce new products it is expensive for them but they have got a slim choice due to the existing market with set standards. For example hotel St. Patrick’s is a new hotel and for it to meet the set standards, it has to penetrate the market through offering better standards as compared to existing rivals. Threat of new entrance The most attractive segment is one in which entry barriers are high and exit barriers are low. More-so potential competitors may enter the industry if given the choice to do so. This refers to firms which are not currently competing in the industry but have potential to do so if given a chance In the hospitality industry today we see that hotels, lodges and food outlets are emerging this causing a threat to existing business units. The Chinese are currently constructing a state of the art shopping mall and a hotel which is going to have the latest technological advancements in terms of security (improved locking systems), luxurious surroundings, product and service to the clientele in Harare, this is a threat to the existing hotels and fast food outlets as this project is bound to improve from where the existing hotels are lacking in terms of product development and services. This however will mean that the existing hotels and other accommodation facilities will lose the market share as the new entrant will cause the major change in the market environment. When both entry and exit barriers are high, profit potential is high but firms face more risk because poorer performing firms stay in and fight it out. When both entry and exit barriers are low firms. New competitors are a threat as they rob current firms of their clients and market. Due to brand loyalty existing firms enjoy profits as their products are already inclined within the market, in contrast the new firms will need to fork out more on heavy advertising of their product. The distribution channel for emerging business units needs a high capital base so that they will be able to market their products and services intensively to create a platform for survival in the existing market. Government regulations may restrict entrance of new firms; however the Zimbabwean government has passed the indigenization law which allows the locals to have a 51% stake and the remaining to the foreign firm. Recently Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) wanted to come back into the Zimbabwean business sector but due to the indigenization law hence discouraging their entry requirement back in to the Zimbabwean industry allowing to have one leading fast food outlet that being Chicken Inn. Threat of substitutes According to the five forces the threat of substitutes refers to the products having the ability of satisfying customers’ needs effectively. The threats to substitute products can be defined as the products’ that have potential to replace the existing products more economic than the original products nd services that are offered in the hospitality industry for example in the transport sector Pathfinder fares are almost the same as compared to domestic air fares which acts as a substitute to the road network leading to the resort destination. However profits and prices are likely to be negatively affected if technology or competition increases for example high technology in farming potatoes increased the quality and lowered the cost of production exposing direct threat to relative products like bread as they act as a substitute. Looking at the Zimbabwean tourism earlier in the days hotels were the only establishments that had restaurants but currently there are restaurant take aways where the food is cheap and affordable and this poses as a threat to hotels for example the emerging of restaurants like Cafe Mnandi ,Horizon bar and restaurant, these are substitutes to big hotels like Holiday Inn and Rainbow as customers are resorting to these other establishments as they are cheap and affordable to all types of clientele. In some cases when big hotels such as Holiday Inn and Rainbow are fully booked and they do not have space they refer their clients to other lodges and other hotels such as Cresta. THREAT OF BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS Michael Porter’s five forces refers to the pressure consumers can exert on businesses to get them to provide higher quality of products, better customer service and lower prices. For example in Zimbabwe’s economy the clients expect goods which are worth the value for their money. This then pushes the price for civilized clients to be in possession of the power to push the firms in industry to fight competition and surface in the market. For sellers to protect themselves from this threat they must target and look for clients or buyers who are less sensitive to price changes while another counter measure is developing superior offers and products which strong buyers cannot have the guts to resist. For example in Zimbabwe, an entrepreneur aimed at high class clientelle in establishing ‘club 360’ with very high prices in Borrowdale Brooke where clients are less sensitive to prices. Looking at most Zimbabwean hotels bookings for Conferences and large catering can be negotiated for lowest costs at reasonable qualities for example If people who do large catering were few ,it means they would come together and negotiate on a set price s that customers would not have bargaining power over the sellers. Like in the likes of different areas that have different cultures certain products and services cannot be sold in for example the Trout back Inn is surrounded by the Amapostori and establishing a bar that sells alcohol will not be profitable because of the type of clientele that surrounds the area BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS Bargaining power of suppliers is also known as the market of inputs. of raw materials ,components ,labor and services such as expertise to the firm can be the source of power over the firm when there are few substitutes. From 2000 to 2010 suppliers in Suppliers Zimbabwe had the bargaining power as they were able to raise prices as well as reduce the quantities supplied as the inflation rate was very high. Most hotels were facing challenges on which suppliers to trust and there was too much competition for these commodities and some hotels had to close down their food and beverage department as it was not making any profit, currently due to the normalization of inflation creating the availability of commodities thus increasing the number of suppliers that supply a number of goods(flooding of suppliers in the industry). Suppliers are powerful or differentiated if there are only a few suppliers or one in the market ,the suppliers will have more leverage because of lack of available alternatives for instance ZESA and Fuel companies, customers are less likely to switch supplies if the cost of switching is very high that is most hotels cannot resort to generators because of irregularity of fuel so they rely most on ZESA and gas. Nesbit Castle also has power over other hotels like Holiday Inn and Rainbow Hotel because of the castle that is unique and is mostly used to do international conferences and weddings and is the only castle in Bulawayo so they have power over their competitors who cannot offer clients a castle as a service. Labor is a supplier and may exert a degree of considerable power in some situations that is if working conditions and salaries are low and unsatisfactory it usually leads to strikes, go slows, vandalism and pilferages which is a cost factor to the company. To cap it all these five forces analysis is just one part of the complete Porter strategic models. The other elements are Porter indirectly rebutted the assertions of other forces, by referring to innovation, government, and complementary products and services as factors that affect the five forces. It is also perhaps not feasible to evaluate the attractiveness of an industry independent of the resources a firm brings to that industry. It is thus argued that this theory be coupled with the Resource-Based View (RBV) in order for the firm to develop a much more sound strategy.  It provides a simple perspective for accessing and analyzing the competitive strength and position of a corporation, business or organization.

Nigeria Political and Sociological Cleavages free essay sample

Applies an analysis of overlapping cleavages in the Nigerian political culture toward supporting a new political movement humorously entitled the Crusaders Party. This paper responds to the prompt, Design a proposal, for a person of substantial wealth, desiring to create a new political party / movement that would enjoy some initial success and have the possibility for long-term growth. Where would the new party fit in the existing array of parties and movements? How does the electoral system and institutional form of government (presidential, parliamentary, etc.) affect the start-up strategy? What should its ideological-programmatic emphasis be? Is there a particular regional base or demographic niche that would favor the party? What other parties might be good options to form a coalition In this way, the paper should be easily adapted for any analysis of Nigeria. Resentment of Northern radicalism will strengthen the Crusaders. Already, the Northern Peoples Democratic Party has successfully pushed for the implementation of sharia in nineteen Northern states. We will write a custom essay sample on Nigeria: Political and Sociological Cleavages or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If successful, the Crusaders will improve Nigerias party system. Presently, Nigeria has three major parties, one for each ethnic group, a result that is atypical of presidential systems, which are typically characterized by two-party systems.

Free Essays on Cinderella-god

When children watch versions of Cinderella in America, often times they find ways to relate to "faith" and Christian values associated with the good in the story. Christian parents also can surely use Christian values to explain the supernatural and to summarize the morals. Cinderella is a classic fairy-tale, which deals with female maturation and often the death of family member. In Cinderella's' the main character has to deal with the death of her mother and the affects of having a new family with stepsisters. In Grimms tale the stepmother is extremely stereotyped as being the evil, vain and greedy woman who shows no love or affection for her stepdaughter because she was jealous of her. "They took away her beautiful clothes, dressed her in an old grey smock, and gave her some wooden shoes" (Tatar 117). Cinderella is a very strong character in this story who remains unchangeable in her attitude towards her family even though they mistreat her. There is also a supernatural, magical element to this story when Cinderella's "fairy godmother" is introduced. This element to the story could help give children a sense of God and the idea of a guardian angel watching over them. This may possibly lead people to believe that a supernatural realm exists to award those characters with positive characteristics such as beauty, patience, kindness, obedience, or perhaps hard-work ethics. At the same time, those with characteristics that are viewed as negative such as ugliness, cruelty, disobedience, and laziness will be punished. For example, in Grimm's Cinderella the main character is portrayed as beautiful, good, hard working, and abused. Grimms version actually refers to "our lord" "If you are good and say your prayers our good lord will always be with you and I shall look down from heaven and always be with you"(Tatar 117) proving that as Americans we find ways to refer to Christian values to explain the magic. Her magical agent, the... Free Essays on Cinderella-god Free Essays on Cinderella-god When children watch versions of Cinderella in America, often times they find ways to relate to "faith" and Christian values associated with the good in the story. Christian parents also can surely use Christian values to explain the supernatural and to summarize the morals. Cinderella is a classic fairy-tale, which deals with female maturation and often the death of family member. In Cinderella's' the main character has to deal with the death of her mother and the affects of having a new family with stepsisters. In Grimms tale the stepmother is extremely stereotyped as being the evil, vain and greedy woman who shows no love or affection for her stepdaughter because she was jealous of her. "They took away her beautiful clothes, dressed her in an old grey smock, and gave her some wooden shoes" (Tatar 117). Cinderella is a very strong character in this story who remains unchangeable in her attitude towards her family even though they mistreat her. There is also a supernatural, magical element to this story when Cinderella's "fairy godmother" is introduced. This element to the story could help give children a sense of God and the idea of a guardian angel watching over them. This may possibly lead people to believe that a supernatural realm exists to award those characters with positive characteristics such as beauty, patience, kindness, obedience, or perhaps hard-work ethics. At the same time, those with characteristics that are viewed as negative such as ugliness, cruelty, disobedience, and laziness will be punished. For example, in Grimm's Cinderella the main character is portrayed as beautiful, good, hard working, and abused. Grimms version actually refers to "our lord" "If you are good and say your prayers our good lord will always be with you and I shall look down from heaven and always be with you"(Tatar 117) proving that as Americans we find ways to refer to Christian values to explain the magic. Her magical agent, the...

3 Doors Down The Search For The

3 Doors Down ; The Search For The Better Life Essay, Research Paper 3 DOORS DOWN: THE QUEST FOR THE BETTER LIFE We spend our lives seeking for that something or person that can make full the nothingness and makes life # 8217 ; s tests endurable. The motive for the freshers album from 3 Doors Down trades with this thought of happening # 8220 ; The Better Life. # 8221 ; Tracks 1, 3, and 5, titled # 8220 ; Kryptonite, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Duck and Run, # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Be Like That, # 8221 ; utilize the thought of the quest for the better life to explicate the motive contained throughout the album. The three paths discuss three different thoughts of accomplishing the better life ; happen your true love, calculating out how to acquire someplace in this universe, and our desire to walk in person else # 8217 ; s places. # 8220 ; Kryptonite, # 8221 ; the album # 8217 ; s first path, is about a adult male who is seeking to happen person to be at that place for him through midst and thin. It focuses on the thought that in this universe no 1 will stand by your side unless you are # 8220 ; superman. # 8221 ; The wordss discuss a relationship in which he is chew overing whether she # 8217 ; ll be at that place for him even in the tough times: # 8220 ; If I go brainsick so will you still name me Superman? If I # 8217 ; m alive and good, will you be at that place keeping my hand. # 8221 ; He unluckily discovers that though he is altruistic in giving, she will non be the one to stand by his side during the tough times: # 8220 ; You took for granted all the times I neer let you down. # 8221 ; The vocal ends with his realisation that he must go on on his quest to happen that person that will assist him happen his # 8220 ; Better Life. # 8221 ; The 3rd path on the album, # 8220 ; Duck and Run, # 8221 ; embodies the thought that the universe is non a nice topographic point and things are non ever merely and just. The set discusses their thoughts that it is difficult to acquire anyplace in this universe ; the thought that the harder you work, the less you see from it. He says: # 8220 ; All my work and eternal steps neer seem to acquire me really far. Walk a stat mi merely to travel an inch now, even though I # 8217 ; m seeking so bloody difficult, I # 8217 ; m seeking so hard.† This path ends on an optimistic note, saying that he will non allow the universe bring him down: â€Å"And I won’t duck and run, do I’m non built that way.† â€Å"Duck and Run† leaves us with the impression that no affair how difficult life get, you can non give up because Oklahoman or subsequently you will see the benefits of your difficult work. # 8220 ; Be Like That, # 8221 ; the 5th path on the album trades with the manner we all want to hold person else # 8217 ; s life. As the clich? goes, the grass is greener on the other side. The opening poetry of the song trades with one adult male # 8217 ; s dream of one twenty-four hours accomplishing the Hollywood life: # 8220 ; He spends his darks in California, watching the stars on the large screen. Then he lies awake and admirations, why can # 8217 ; t that be me? Cause in his life he # 8217 ; s filled with all these good intentions. # 8221 ; Though he has all these good purposes in his life, it seems nil of all time turns out the manner he wants it to. The 2nd poetry negotiations about a miss who watches people walk by, and wishes that her life could be every bit perfect as theirs appear to be. She wants person that will be at that place by her side: # 8220 ; She spends her yearss up in the North park, watching the people as they pass # 8230 ; all she wants is merely that something to keep onto, that # 8217 ; s all she needs. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Be Like That # 8221 ; embraces the thought that we all want what person else has, or in most instances what person else merely appears to hold. In analyzing these three paths from # 8220 ; The Better Life, # 8221 ; the first album from 3 Doors Down, we find that the motive of the album is the treatment of the thought that in some signifier or another we are all looking for a better life. Some of us want a better occupation, some wish to happen their true love, and some want merely to be able to walk in person else # 8217 ; s places that we think has achieved the better life. The album leaves you with a rejuvenated spirit and a sense that possibly someday in the close hereafter you will happen that something or person to give you # 8220 ; The Better Life. # 8221 ;

Discuss how Recent Globalization Trends Have Affected the Aerospace Research Paper

Discuss how Recent Globalization Trends Have Affected the Aerospace Industry - Research Paper Example The aspect of globalization has affected every segment of the industry including the aviation and aerospace industry. The present study would analyze the effect of globalization on the business prospects of the aerospace industry. Effect of Globalization on Aerospace Industry The global aerospace industry consists of both airline companies that are engaged in the transportation of individuals from one point to another as well as the suppliers of aircrafts and parts such as Boeing and Airbus. The global defense and aerospace industry has been valued at 910 billion US dollars as of 2008 and the value is expected to grow by 6.17 percent on a year on year basis, The industry is a very globalised outlook with consumers including organizations as well as governments who are essentially looking towards best deals for their money (Wipro, â€Å"Aerospace Industry†). ... This has arguably increased the efficiency and profitability of the companies and has also generated greater transparencies in the functioning of these business organizations giving its win-win situation for all the stakeholders. On the other hand it has also augured the need for business organizations to generate greater organizational and operational aspects in order to remain afloat in the industry and maintain profitability and sustainability (AT Kearney, â€Å"Globalization†). Aerospace industry is highly capital intensive with huge amounts of capital required for establishment of the industry. The industry has largely been influenced by globalization as about 80 percent of the manufacture of an aircraft is done through outsourcing. Globalization has immensely benefited the aspect of outsourcing with free trade and lifting of trade barriers helping the organizations in a major way. The designing and manufacture of the aircrafts is essentially a highly collaborative and gl obal activity with suppliers and assemblers for any aircraft located across the globe. Companies like Boeing and Airbus can be rightly termed as assembling units in which they only assemble the original equipments and create the final design and product. Globalization has also led to large scale integration of the supply chain management activities of the players of the aerospace market. Globalization has also enabled high end parts and processes being outsourced to destinations like India and China (Wipro, â€Å"Trends in Outsourcing†). Globalization has also led to greater cross border deals that include both the civilian aircraft as well as the military aircrafts. In addition to

Genetically Modified Organisms Research Proposal

Genetically Modified Organisms - Research Proposal Example However, the main argument against consumption of genetically modified organisms is that they might have dome harmful effects to their consumers. The data that will be used in this research will be collected using a number of data collection methods. The method that will be the most used is literature review. There are sufficient information from literature materials such as books, journals, blogs that can give more insight on the advantages and limitations of genetically modified organisms (Munhall and Chenail 167). There will also be a study on the statistics on the health difference of people who consume more genetically modified organism and those who consume more. Genetic engineering and health official will also be interviewed with the aim of getting their views on the advantages and limitations of genetically modified organisms (Denscombe 97). With the data that will be collected through the above mentioned methods, the researchers will carry out analysis through techniques such as filtering, retrieving value, computation, and sorting to come up with a clear conclusion on the total number of viable advantages and disadvantages that genetically modified organisms have (Ogden and Goldberg 175). With the result the researchers will be able to give a conclusion stating their thoughts on whether or not genetically modified organisms should be

Spanish Armada Essay Example for Free

Spanish Armada Essay The Spanish Armada showcased the Spaniards boldness and determination to expand their territory and their religion of Catholicism. However, there are several underlying reasons on why Spain waged a war against England. The decision of King Philip II to launch a fleet of naval ships towards the North have been influenced by many consecutive incidents that demonstrated the looming conflict between Spain and England. During the 16th century, Spain and England used to be allies in advancing a common cause which was to expand their respective colonies. But it was their similar objectives that instigated the manifestation of a strained relationship between the two countries. More so, the relationship between England and Spain became more tensed when Philip II married Mary I, a sibling of Queen Elizabeth I, making him a â€Å"titular King of England. † This union highlighted the difference in religious beliefs of a Catholic and a Protestant that raised eyebrows in the English Monarchy who doubted the real intentions of Spain with England. In retaliation, England gave support to the Dutch uprising against Spain. Several black propaganda were launched that criticized King Philip II and the Catholics in general as wicked human beings. Then, the situation worsened when â€Å"Catholic Queen Mary of Scots†, the only remaining link of Spain with England in 1587, was executed for allegedly plotting against Queen Elizabeth I. Because of these events, the plan of King Philip II to conquer Europe was blocked in which motivated him to start a confrontation with England through an Armada (Mitchell, 2005). Unfortunately, Spain was defeated in this battle because of the unfavorable weather conditions and the fact that the English were more advanced with their warfare resources and strategy. As a result, Englands victory entitled the English with the position of being the strongest and most influential in Europe. Meanwhile, for Spain, their loss became a learning experience that motivated them to enhance more their naval capabilities as well as their military tactics. References Mitchell, C. V. (2005 August). The weathering of the armada. Inventory of Conflict Environment. Retrieved May 20, 2008 from http://www. american. edu/ted/ice/armada. htm

How Guitars Work :: essays research papers

How Guitars Work To properly understand the principles of how a guitar works, it is essential to understand the functions of sound waves and electromagnets. They play a key role in the function of the guitar, both in the acoustic and the electric. Sound Waves For us to hear, we need ears with an important piece, the eardrum. We hear sound because when a sound is created, there is a change in air pressure. Because of this change in pressure, waves are produced, flying all over the place. On the guitar, when the string vibrates, the change in air pressure causes the air particles to move around. There are air particles all around us, so when the sound wave crashes into these particles, they all collide until they reach our eardrums. When the air particles crash into our eardrum, they will hit against all the other components of the ear and the sound will enter our brain. Electromagnets Electromagnets need a source of energy (a battery, power outlet, etc.) In the electric guitar (because in the acoustic, electromagnets are inexistent) the power source comes from the amplifier, which gets its electrical current from a power outlet. Together, the electrical flow is made by the constant flow of electrons (e-). When the plug from the amp is attached to a source of energy, the electrons will flow to and through the wire. Basically, all an electromagnet does is collect electrons and sends them into a constant flow. What the electromagnets have to do with the guitar will be explained in detail at the Electric Guitar page. The Differences Between Acoustic And Electric Guitars Both electric guitars and acoustic guitars are great instruments that are the most commonly used in music. They have many similarities.

How is British Culture Represented within Little Britain? Essay

In this essay I will be exploring how British culture is represented in the series Little Britain. Little Britain is a well known sketch comedy that is comprised of mainly two characters; Matt Lucas and David Williams. The title is known to have been derived from a combination of ‘Little England’ and ‘Great Britain’. The first character that I chave chosen to analyse is Vicky Pollard. Obviously, alike with all of the characters that are featured in Little Britiain, this character is fictional, but one may say that this character is used to portray the ‘average chavvy teenager’. For example, she will (usually) always try to integrate her extremely well known phrases (â€Å"Don’t go giving me evils!†,†Yeah but no but yeah but no but†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Shut up! I ain’t even dun nuffin’ or nuffin’!†, â€Å"Oh my god! I soooo can’t believe you just said that!†, and â€Å"What-eva!†), simultaneously incroporating tottally irrelevant ‘gossip’ which has absoutely nothing to do with the problem that she has found herself facing. Sterotypically, she appears to wear the same ‘Kappa’ outfit, more commonly known as a tracksuit. Vicks is always presented so do the wrong things, where I believe she is o nly doing it because she knows that it is the opposite of good. Common examples of this would be her abnoxious habbit for teenaged drinking, smoking and pregnancy. Vicky also seems to have the absurd perception of life, where if you ‘originate’ from a poor working class family, then you automatically have low expectations in the future. I believe her point of view to be invalid at this point, because she has (maybe unknownigly) sterotyped all though of whom fall into that catagory to have low expectations life, which, in fact, may only effect a small minorty; those who truely think this perception dictated by Vicky is correct. We can put this through to real life situations too; for example a survey was infact conducted that shows (in Britain), one person is the top 5 rich list, actually has a degree of some variance, which slightly backs up my point. For example, the infamous Richard Branson dropped out of school at 16 without any qualifications to his name, but that did not change his view of the world, and was just used as a sriving force to make sure that he got where he wanted to. Some may not agree that he came from a poor working class family, but leaving (and subsequently dropping) school without any qualification is what Vicky may expect from a poor working class student. The second character that I have chosen to analyse is Dafydd, who to me, bring himself access as a very confused character. His well known catchphrase, is â€Å"I’m the only gay in the village†, where in fact, if anything ‘gay’ really does happened, he is the first the feel intimidated and scared, which shows that he in fact may not be ‘gay’, but just can’t admit it. In excellent example of this would be when Myfanwy organised a â€Å"gay night† for Dafydd within the pub, and once the began to start arriving, Dafydd held a bar stool in his hands and cried out â€Å"get back you gay bastards†. Furthermore, this shows either two things, his original statement to be incorrect, and he only stated it for the attention he may though he’d receive, or two, he can’t â€Å"come out of the closet† about his true feelings to is using this type of violent notions to mask what’s really going on, in my opinon.He has other well known cathcprases including: â€Å"I’ll have another Bacardi and Coke please Myfanwy†, â€Å"Oh it’s so hard being the only gay in the village†, â€Å"Oh Myfanwy there just aren’t any other gays round here†. This all show that he is in denial about his true feeling, and thhey conflict what is actually going on. He is or has been biased in to beliving that just because he is gay, he will be restricting from getting on with his life, and doing the average day-to-day activity. For example he belives, specificially because he is gay, that he will be unable to get a job and therefore is currently une mployed.

The Anti-Vietnam War Movement Was A Testament For American Nationalism

The Allied Forces won the Second World War. Democracy was restored. Peace soon reigned worldwide. But the victory became short-lived. Another ideology surfaced. A former ally, the Soviet Union spearheaded the campaign of communism globally. â€Å"In 1946 President Harry Truman gave voice to the new geopolitical position of the United States by stating that America would, â€Å"assist all free peoples against threats of revolution and attack from without† (Wiest, 2003). The Soviet menace continued. Russian troops gradually gobbled most countries in Eastern Europe into submission.The United States government fortified its military capability. The Soviet nation did the same. And the Cold War began. Communism spread like fire. Although the main focus of the threat was in Europe, destabilization plots escalated among some nations in South East Asia. Prior to the Second World War, France dominated most of the continent. Its colonies included Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. When Japan e ntered the war, the French government lost its hold and influence. When events settled down, France wanted to regain the lands it formerly occupied.With the Japanese threat out of the picture, French exerted its influence all over again. Vietnam, being a former colony, came on the French list first. The colonizers controlled the Third World country before the Second World War. They thought that it would be easy to put Vietnam back under their fold. It was a different story this time. THE ROAD TO WAR Vietnam surprised the French effort to subdue and control them. A charismatic leader named Ho Chi Minh led the revolution against the foreign conquerors. Given a small chance of winning their independence, the Vietnamese guerilla group retreated to the jungles to regroup.The firepower of the French troops proved to be too much against the ill-equipped and ill-trained forces of Ho Chi Minh. Refusing to engage the enemy head on, the Vietnamese looked forward to a long harassing war that wo uld soon exhaust and later discourage their foes to simply fold up. The confrontation escalated and surprised the foreign legion about the strong determination of a small band of resistance. Significant events began to unravel in 1949. Mao Che-tung challenged the rule of democracy in China. The North Koreans battled the South for supremacy over the peninsula.â€Å"President Dwight Eisenhower put the new position of the United States into words in his inaugural address in 1952 when he remarked that, â€Å"the French in Vietnam are fighting the same war we are in Korea† (Wiest, 2003). The United States felt the need to stretch its hands to prevent a communist takeover over the rest of the world. The uprising within the region inspired Ho Chi Minh and his followers. They fought back and inflicted serious casualties on the French side. Reeling from defeat after defeat, France loosened it hold on the colony. The situation divided Vietnam.The communist supporters rallied around th e North while the South directed its efforts to strengthen its grip on democracy. As communism gained momentum, Ho Chi Minh directed an attack against South Vietnam with the purpose of uniting the country once and for all. When France decided to give up its position in the war-torn nation, the United States Administration assumed the role of driving back the communist threat. â€Å"The United States first became directly involved in Vietnam in 1950 when President Harry Truman started to underwrite the costs of France's war against the Viet Minh† (http://www.cyberessays. com/History/168. htm). In the beginning, the communist leader of Vietnam never intended to draw the Americans into a bloody engagement. But the involvement of the U. S. simply left Vietnam with no choice but to defend itself. As American troops gradually increased its number in the South, the Vietcong from the North instituted yet again a guerilla tactic to tire out the enemy. The U. S. government reasoned out that the main reason why it participated in the Vietnam debacle was to stave off the ideological threat of communism.With the withdrawal of the French forces after a series of stinging defeats, America had no choice but to intervene for the sake of democracy. AMERICAN INTERVENTION The Vietnam War was another thorn on the America’s pathway. At around that period, the government dealt with the instability brought about by racism, bigotry and equality. Upholding the human rights became the battle cry among the citizens throughout the country. Despite all the internal problems hounding the nation, the U. S. government solidified its stand in checking the communist threat.America knew that if the new found ideology remained unchecked, the world would be in peril. With no other country willing to challenge the Soviet aggression, the U. S. found enough reason to assume the responsibility in protecting democracy. Nations with strong and direct links with the United States reluctantl y supported the drive against communism. However, their involvement came in a variety of ways. Many countries pledged their support in ways other than committing combat troops. America contended itself with the medical and engineering battalions from cooperative nations to back its cause in Vietnam.As the United States went deep in its mission to prevent a communist takeover in the South, the number of troops it brought to the worsening war increased. Public outcry blasted the American policy in handling the situation in Vietnam. . â€Å"Starting with teach-ins during the spring of 1965, the massive antiwar efforts centered on the colleges, with the students playing leading roles† (http://www. cyberessays. com/History/168. htm). PUBLIC SENTIMENT In the beginning, the public were inspired by democratic ideals to defend freedom in every part of the globe. Support came rushing all over the states.American sentiments, limited primarily inside the corners of the homes of its citiz ens, eventually spilled out in the streets. Rallies and demonstrations soon became a common sight on the newspapers and the television. The media did a good job in motivating a public outcry. U. S. involvement in Vietnam inspired a spirit of nationalism on two fronts. Setting aside its internal racial discourse, the Americans worked together in its bid to eliminate the communist ideology in Asia once and for all. However, things became uneventful and the U. S. took on a new meaning for the word nationalism.Never since the attack on Pearl Harbor did the United States found itself rallying around the flag in its involvement in Vietnam. The government fueled talks about America’s new role in shaping the events and situations around the world. It went on to say that the U. S. Armed Forces had a duty and responsibility to fulfill not merely to the American people but to the entire humanity in general. Being the most sophisticated and most advanced nation globally, America must loo k at the bigger picture. No country wanted to fill in the shoes of promoting and maintaining peace and progress on earth.Most regimes simply wanted to reinforce its hold on power than do anything of significance and value. Americans took pride in uplifting their potentials and ideals to a level of unmatched ability. People valued their freedom too much. Because of this, they willed to do anything against the rule of oppression. These individuals believed in enforcing order all throughout the society. Only through a nation under control would growth and development materialize. The United States always looked ahead of its time. The future remained to be a distant goal.The citizens were willing to risk anything to fulfill its vision of a free and united country. When the Vietnam War erupted, many critics downplayed its significance to the star-spangled nation. But its modern role to promote global stability was too big to ignore. The spread of communism risked freedom to be conquered. Due to this grave danger, America was compelled to fight an external conflict. The citizens understood this, at least primarily, and supported the move in disarming the communist threat. The American people believed in its supremacy.It believed that the entire nation could achieve whatever there was out there to achieve. The government promised the citizens that the country was fighting a war far larger than it was widely perceived. It could never be denied that a victory of a communist regime would be a big blow to democracy. Being the leading staunch supporter of democratic ideals, the United States must assert its claim in proclaiming the freedom that the nation stood for. Every direction that the country steered itself into reflected the united front instilled among the Americans.It would be unfair if communism remained nullified and misunderstood in its concept. The ideology believed in the equal distribution of wealth and resources in the community. This vision of equal parta ke of the pie would be a welcome development if only it could be applied. Communism was patterned from the Socialist manifesto coined by Karl Marx. There was a preconceived notion that a communist rule would be progressive. Since the government controlled everything, its citizens were poised to be given equal rights and equal chances to shine in the society.But the truth was that a nation thrived not because of government intervention. No matter how good the governance of a country was, it would be difficult to subdivide opportunities equally. The growth and development of people relied on hard work. Government intervention maybe vital but prosperity resided in the ability of the citizens to make things happen. Freedom had no substitute. Unless suppressed, individuals have that capability to realize their dreams. America believed so much in their dreams. Its freedom was the vital factor in their progress as a nation.The ability to move around and weigh their options was what kept th e nation going. The law of the state shattered down all boundaries and borders which inhibit democratic ideals to pull through. Democracy valued the individual no end. The citizen was considered instrumental in making the wheels the freedom rolling. Regulations were enacted around the individual to allow a free reign of ideas to materialize. The American public openly supported its fight against communism. But as the Vietnam War drag on, the people saw that the situation was getting out of hand.The number of body bags which were coming home had increased. Americans felt that resources were being wasted in a foreign situation without the end in sight. Numerous draftees left for Vietnam and few would eventually make it back home. ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT The American people supported their government’s involvement in Vietnam. They were motivated to help a nation contain the repression of freedom. But somewhere along the line, more and more young American soldiers were killed. Many gro ups and organizations felt the need to review the superpower nation’s objective in winning the war in Vietnam.But the government hardly came up with a good explanation. The situation had gone bad to worst. And the public was looking at a war gone awry. The U. S. Administration could not address the different problems involved in the situation. Much more, it cannot give direct answers to the questions and concerns of the citizens. Numerous and contrasting groups around the United States rallied and gathered together each with causes of their own. Anti-government movements surfaced with the National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy when nuclear programs proliferated at the start of the Cold War.But the most aggressive campaigns against government regulations began with the rise of the radical Student Peace Union in 1959 although it went out of contention five years later. A more active group, the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) continued upholding the cause. The orga nization was meant to assist the laborers, the intellectuals and the oppressed people. SDS later was taken over by student radicals during the 1950s. Sensing the disorientation and listless significance of life among Americans, the group voiced out its concern against the government. It actively pursued in valuing human rights in the society.It supported Lyndon Johnson in its bid for the presidency against Barry Goldwater in 1964. Social reforms were the main concern of the SDS. As the Vietnam War escalated, more and more young people were drafted from the Southern part of the country. The government also pulled out numerous individuals out from schools for a tour of duty in Vietnam. Civil Rights rallies continued to flourish. The public saw the gradual increase of enlisted men in the U. S. Armed Forces which revealed that American involvement in South East Asia was getting serious. Casualties began to pile up and replacements were seriously considered.It was 1965. The anti-war move ment which initially was limited inside the campus gained wide recognition throughout the country. â€Å"The history of that movement is not only one of demonstrations, teach-ins, rallies and hundreds of other actions. It was also a history of internal debate over how and for what purpose to mobilize mass sentiment against the war† (Lorimer, 1991). When the bombing in North Vietnam began, demonstrations increased and anti-government activities moved on swiftly. Rallies and anti-war sorties gained prominence on every avenue of the United States.Faculty members joined the movement and immediately made an impact. A series of seminars were held to educate the public about the political, military and social effects of the Vietnam War. The march towards the capital city slowly gained numerous members. On April 1965, about 25, 000 people gathered in Washington D. C. to protest American involvement in Vietnam. Inspired by the turnout of events, campus editors formed a nationwide netw ork of media organizations that would circulate and educate various information and activities in connection with the anti-war movement.Pressure mounted on the Pentagon especially on Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara to end the war. The campaign gained more support from the religious community which sent out letters expressing their opinions and reactions about the turmoil in Vietnam. In 1966, the movement penetrated military branch and draft evasion became a major issue. Almost all sectors in the community had a hand one way or the other in keeping the youth out of the draft. Many individuals sought refuge in nearby countries such as Canada and Sweden to elude a trip to Vietnam.â€Å"In a January 1967 article written for the Chicago Defender, Martin Luther King, Jr. openly expressed support for the antiwar movement on moral grounds. Reverend King expanded on his views in April at the Riverside Church in New York, asserting that the war was draining much-needed resources from do mestic programs† (Barringer, 1999). His views were not limited to religious matters alone. He tackled the moral effects of the ongoing war. As the number of recruits from the South increased in number, King voiced out his concern about the plight of the African-Americans in the United States.He assailed the government’s action to prolong the war by risking a huge chunk of the taxpayers’ money. The Johnson administration began feeling the pressure internally. McNamara was fired shortly after questioning the real objectives of the conflict. George Ball the Secretary of State handed out unsolicited advice to the president. The Vietnam War was taking too long. Cabinet members and government officials reviewed the political stance of the country. It was 1968. Election was on its way. Presidential candidates capitalized on the confusion of the current administration. The U. S.government turned out to be divided in its opinion and decision about the Vietnam situation. W ith no end in sight for the Vietnam offensive, the Tet American public opinion revealed that majority of the population now opposed the conflict. The Johnson presidency continued drafting young citizens for a tour of duty in South East Asia. Its policies about the war remained unchanged. The situation infuriated the anti-war movement across the American nation. â€Å"The peace movement was often militant, and many on the campuses came to reject non-violence and fought heroically against the police† (http://www. chss.montclair. edu/english/furr/Vietnam/riseandfall. html). Student activists clashed with police. The once peaceful rallies turned violent and blood spilled over. Protesters bloodied the streets and stormed the draft centers in different cities throughout the United States. President’s Johnson’s advisers reversed the administration’s position on the Vietnamese issue and the presidency bowed out of contention. Anti-war dissidents grew bolder in it s actions. Fights soon erupted during public demonstrations. Protests continued and an estimated 500,000 people participated on the citizen’s second march to Washington.Active members rose from the ranks and went to the frontlines to lead the movement. However, the new frontrunners in the anti-war campaign gained little recognition from the American society. It was an age of expression. Majority of the general public declined its support due to the unacceptable and disturbing behavior of the protesters. The anti-war movement introduced a lifestyle which bannered the Sex, Drugs and Rock n’ roll theme. The situation turned complicated because of behavioral concerns. The protesters disrespected soldiers returning from Vietnam. American support for the movement faded a bit.Just when things subsided, an immediate turn of events angered the entire nation. Richard Nixon the newly-elected president planned the withdrawal of troops in 1970. But the war suddenly went ugly with a few shocking events. There was a public discomfort when news reported the involvement of American troops in the My Lai massacre. In addition, the United States entered a new trail in its bloody campaign when it invaded Vietnam’s neighboring country Cambodia. American sentiment across the nation was high. Academic institutions, Union groups and even some government agencies like the State department called for an end to hostilities.Violence went full gear when the National Guardsmen in Ohio killed a number of protesters at Kent State University. The public outcry was further driven out of proportion when true stories and coverage about American troop activities were revealed in the New York Times. Incompetence, disorganization, neglect, cruelty and abuses were directly associated with the behavior of the American military contingent. It was hardly the news all American citizens wanted to hear. The Nixon administration was quick to grasp the impending doom of prolonging the co nflict.On January 1973, the president announced the official statement which ended the American involvement in the Vietnam War. The anti-war movement was not without resistance. It was during President Johnson’s presidency that protests and demonstrations rose to the public consciousness. The government conducted suppressive methods against the dissidents. Intelligence groups monitored the movements and activities of many protesters. The Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation tracked down numerous figures involved with the demonstrations.Investigations even came to the point that conspiracy theories were framed by the communist groups to promote turmoil in America as a means of confusing and disorganizing the government’s focus on the war. But none of the framed stories were actually true. When America got itself involved in the Vietnam situation, a huge number of the population supported the government’s decision to intervene. Two y ears later, the public’s backing percentage was down to around 30%. A surprising development soon emerged in the middle of the Vietnam conflict.Many Americans denounced the activities of the anti-war movement. However, due to the opposition to the war, most of the citizens joined the demonstrators in pressuring the government to end the escalating engagement. It was the image of the marchers and dissidents which the American public never liked. Drugs, alcohol and rock n’ roll were too much to handle especially in supporting a serious matter like the Vietnam War. â€Å"The antiwar movement reached its zenith under President Richard M. Nixon. In October 1969, more than 2 million people participated in Vietnam Moratorium protests across the country.The following month, over 500,000 demonstrated in Washington and 150,000 in San Francisco† (Barringer, 1999). The Kent State shootings and the invasion of Cambodia fueled one of the biggest protests in recent history. St udents from most universities and colleges joined hands with White House officials and blue collar workers to pressure the Nixon administration in ending the Vietnam War. Numerous arrests were made. Different groups came out in the open to lend their support. The complicated situation in the U. S. was coupled by the worsening American troop situation in Vietnam. Discipline vanished. Drugs became rampant.The morale was down. The way the Americans dealt the communist situation in the South East Asian region turned out to be disastrous. Never did it occur to them that a rag-tag band of guerrillas would take chances with superior firepower of the United States. As more and more troops came back home, demonstrations and protests gradually subsided. Troop withdrawal began in 1971. It was almost completed in 1975. The remaining anti-Vietnam War crowd continued to hound the government about other issues related to the war. The after effects of the bombing in Vietnam, the situation of the Vi etnamese civilians and the mismanagement of the U. S.funding for the conflict were some of the arguments used by the activists in continuing their marches. CONCLUSION â€Å"The American movement against the Vietnam War was the most successful antiwar movement in U. S. history† (Barringer, 1999). The conflict became a modern test of character for its people. Although it wasn’t the United States’s finest hour, victory could still be claimed. It showed the strength of the American public. In times of turmoil and disorder, no matter what circumstances or events were there, as long the interest of the nation was at stake, individuals gathered together to show unity and support for the Motherland.People owe so much to the land of their birth. It gave them life and liberty. Individuals from all corners settled their differences to unite and engage a common enemy. Americans portrayed a spirit of nationalism on two fronts. Primarily, citizens rallied around the flag righ t away when American involvement in Vietnam was announced. It was interesting to note how persons with different backgrounds could come together and work as one to achieve a specific objective. Americans held hands to fight for a cause. Citizens were instrumental in making the war possible.It sacrificed thousands of young American soldiers to battle an ideological threat. Moreover, the American people were also a vital factor in ending the war. As the war took longer than expected, the individuals behind the anti-Vietnam War movement reversed its previous decision to go on fighting. With numerous lives at stake, a united American front retrieved its troops from Vietnam and ended the conflict right there and then. Nationalism valued every American soldier. The interest of the nation was what drives the citizens to excel.No matter what was at stake, unity kept a country progressive and protected amidst the threat of external conflicts like the Vietnam War. â€Å"The outpouring of str ong feelings and the tense atmosphere generated by the crisis make it easy to lose sight of some important aspects of this war–and all wars–which need to be dealt with on a personal and on a social level† (Stew, 1991). BIBLIOGRAPHY Barringer, M.. The Anti-war Movement in the United States. Oxford UP. 1999. 4 November 2007. http://www. english. uiuc. edu/maps/vietnam/antiwar. html Lorimer, D.. Lessons of the Anti-Vietnam War Movement.New Course Publications. 1991. 4 November 2007. http://www. dsp. org. au/dsp/resist/r9viet. html Stew, C. The U. S. Soldier and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement. International Anarchism. 1991. 4 November 2007. http://flag. blackened. net/revolt/inter/seattle/vietnam. html Wiest, A.. The Vietnam War, 1956-1975. New York: Routledge. 2003. The Rise and Fall of the Anti-War Movement in the U. S.. 4 November 2007. http://www. chss. montclair. edu/english/furr/Vietnam/riseandfall. html Anti-Vietnam Movement in the U. S. 4 November 2007. http:/ /www. cyberessays. com/History/168. htm

The Invention of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

The Invention of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic resonance imaging or scanning (also called an MRI) is a method of looking inside the body without using surgery, harmful dyes or x-rays. The MRI scanner uses magnetism and radio waves to produce clear pictures of the human anatomy. Foundation MRI is based on a physics phenomenon discovered in the 1930s, called nuclear magnetic resonance or NMR, in which magnetic fields and radio waves cause atoms to give off tiny radio signals. Felix Bloch, working at Stanford University, and Edward Purcell, from Harvard University, discovered NMR. NMR spectroscopy was then used as a means to study the composition of chemical compounds. Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield The 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Paul C Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging. Paul Lauterbur, a Professor of Chemistry at the State University of New York at Stony Brook wrote a paper on a new imaging technique which he termed zeugmatography (from the Greek zeugmo meaning yoke or a joining together). Lauterbur imaging experiments moved science from the single dimension of NMR spectroscopy to the second dimension of spatial orientation- the foundation of MRI. Peter Mansfield of Nottingham, England, further developed the utilization of gradients in the magnetic field. He showed how the signals could be mathematically analyzed, which made it possible to develop a useful imaging technique. Peter Mansfield also showed how extremely fast imaging could be achievable. This became technically possible within medicine a decade later. Raymond Damadian- First Patent in the Field of MRI In 1970, Raymond Damadian, a medical doctor and research scientist, discovered the basis for using magnetic resonance imaging as a tool for medical diagnosis. He found that different kinds of animal tissue emit response signals that vary in length, and that cancerous tissue emits response signals that last much longer than non-cancerous tissue. Less than two years later he filed his idea for using magnetic resonance imaging as a tool for medical diagnosis with the U.S. Patent Office, entitled Apparatus and Method for Detecting Cancer in Tissue. A patent was granted in 1974, it was the worlds first patent issued in the field of MRI. By 1977, Dr. Damadian completed construction of the first whole-body MRI scanner, which he dubbed the Indomitable. Rapid Development within Medicine The medical use of magnetic resonance imaging has developed rapidly. The first MRI equipment in health was available at the beginning of the 1980s. In 2002, approximately 22 000 MRI cameras were in use worldwide, and more than 60 million MRI examinations were performed. Water constitutes about  two-thirds  of the human body weight, and this high water content explains why magnetic resonance imaging has become widely applicable to medicine. There are differences in water content among tissues and organs. In many  diseases, the pathological process results in changes  of  the water content, and this is reflected in the MR image. Water is a molecule composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The  nuclei of the hydrogen atoms  are able to act as microscopic compass needles. When the body is exposed to a strong magnetic field, the nuclei of the hydrogen atoms are directed into order- stand at attention. When submitted to pulses of radio waves, the energy content of the nuclei changes. After the pulse, a resonance wave is emitted when the nuclei return to their previous state. The small differences in the oscillations of the nuclei are detected with advanced computer processing, it is possible to build up a three-dimensional image that reflects the chemical structure of the tissue, including differences in the water content and in movements of the water molecules. This results in a very detailed image of tissues and organs in the investigated area of the body. In this manner, pathological changes can be documented.

The Development of Western Thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Development of Western Thought - Essay Example The Lower Paleolithic, ending with the Mousterian, left no works of art. Consequently, the Upper Paleolithic or Reindeer age, so called because this animal is the characteristic feature of the fauna corresponding to a cold and dry climate analogous to that of the steppes and tundras. (Lewis, 201-45) The Reindeer age commences with the Aurignacian culture and terminates with the Magdalenian. Between the end of the first and the appearance of the second is inserted a period known as the Solutrian, which seems to have existed only in certain regions and to be of but secondary interest from the artistic point of view. The age of the European Paleolithic civilizations corresponds roughly to the Pleistocene period of the geologists. Although their chronological succession appears to be fixed in an almost definite manner, their absolute dates remain undetermined and have been variously estimated by the authorities. After the most moderate estimates the Aurignacian would be placed at from twenty-five thousand to sixteen thousand years before our era, the Magdalenian at from sixteen thousand to twelve thousand. A certain number of the activities classed among the fine arts probably existed in Paleolithic times. A number of wall paintings have been considered as representing dances. (Halverson, p.3) This interpretation, however, is not conclusive, but the representation of several disguised individuals, by analogy with savages, renders the existence of the dance in the Magdalenian highly probable. The dances once admitted, it is likely that, as among the savages and for psychological reasons, they were accompanied by music, if only that of the voice. As for musical instruments discovered in the excavations, some tubes of bird bone considered by Piette as the elements of the pipes of Pan are more probably needle cases. Perhaps one could see a primitive flute in the bone of a hare perforated with several holes, found in an English Paleolithic cavern. In several stations, a number of the phalanges of the antelopidae or cervidae, notably of the reindeer, have been found pierced near their extremities. These are currently considered as whistles comparable to those made by our children with apricot seeds. Their use as whistles is not impossible, but in some of them, notably the most ancient, dating back to the Mousterian levels, the hole is not produced by manual work but by the teeth of carnivorous animals. As to architecture, it is probable that the Paleolithic peoples inhabited, besides the rock shelters and caves where their hearth levels have been found, wattle huts which appear to be represented by figures called "tectiforms," engraved or painted on the walls of caverns. Another form of art, personal decoration, was highly developed among the Paleolithic peoples, as among the savages, to say nothing of the civilized races. Whatever the differences in nature or technique, the works of Paleolithic art form on the whole a homogeneous ensemble. Different culture levels of the same station have yielded almost

Encryption of data in transit and data at rest Research Paper

Encryption of data in transit and data at rest - Research Paper Example Encryption in the field of computer security is a process that allows users to encode their data using a certain key or a certain algorithm. Through the use of encryption a user is able to enhance the security of his or her data. Even though encryption of data does not necessarily restrict the access of data it however does ensure that a hacker is not able to interpret encrypted data and hence use it for personal benefit. Encrypted text is usually referred to as cipher text whereas unencrypted text is referred to as plaintext. Encryption is usually made use of for two basic data types, data in transit and data at rest. Data in transit usually refers to data that is on the move, whereas data at rest refers to stored static data that is used on a few numbers of machines. Encrypting data in transit is usually carried out through the use of private and public keys. Private keys are usually made use of to encrypt the main data that is important to a particular organization or to a particular user. The sender usually makes of an encryption key that only the receiver is aware of. The receiver then makes use of the same key to decrypt the information that is provided by the sender (Salomaa, 1996). Public key on the other hand, is used to facilitate the exchange of the private key. Public key is made use of to encrypt the private key. The sender of the data asks the receiver to provide him or her for an encryption key. The key is then used by the sender to encrypt the message. Once the message is encrypted, its decryption can only be carried out by the receiver (Salomaa, 1996). When it comes to securing data at rest, there are two basic process that can be used, encryption and authentication. Encryption to data at rest can be applied at a small scale, such as to a sensitive file, or it can be applied at a large scale, for example to the complete contents of a device (Scarfone et al., 2007). The type of encryption technique that is